|
:''See also American System (economic plan).'' The American School, also known as the "National System", represents three different yet related constructs in politics, policy and philosophy. It was the American policy from the 1860s to the 1970s, waxing and waning in actual degrees and details of implementation. Historian Michael Lind describes it as a coherent applied economic philosophy with logical and conceptual relationships with other economic ideas.〔( "Free Trade Fallacy" New America ).〕 It is the macroeconomic philosophy that dominated United States national policies from the time of the American Civil War until the mid-twentieth century.〔("Second Bank of the United States" U-S-History.com ).〕〔("Republican Party Platform of 1860" presidency.ucsb.edu )〕〔("Republican Party Platform of 1856" presidency.ucsb.edu ).〕〔(Pacific Railway Act (1862) ourdocuments.gov ).〕〔("History of U.S. Banking" SCU.edu ).〕〔ANDREWS, E. Benjamin, (Page 180 ) of ''Scribner's Magazine'' Volume 18 #1 (January–June 1896); "A History of the Last Quarter-Century".〕 Closely related to mercantilism, it can be seen as contrary to classical economics. It consisted of these three core policies: #protecting industry through selective high tariffs (especially 1861–1932) and through subsidies (especially 1932–70) #government investments in infrastructure creating targeted internal improvements (especially in transportation) #a national bank with policies that promote the growth of productive enterprises rather than speculation.〔Lind, Michael: "Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party of 1865–1932, by presiding over the industrialization of the United State, foreclosed the option that the United States would remain a rural society with an agrarian economy, as so many Jeffersonians had hoped." and "...Hamiltonian side... the Federalists; the National Republicans; the Whigs, the Republicans; the Progressives." — "Hamilton's Republic" Introduction pp. xiv–xv. Free Press, Simon & Schuster, USA: 1997. ISBN 0-684-83160-0.〕〔Lind, Michael: "During the nineteenth century the dominant school of American political economy was the "American School" of developmental economic nationalism... The patron saint of the American School was Alexander Hamilton, whose Report on Manufactures (1791) had called for federal government activism in sponsoring infrastructure development and industrialization behind tariff walls that would keep out British manufactured goods... The American School, elaborated in the nineteenth century by economists like Henry Carey (who advised President Lincoln), inspired the "American System" of Henry Clay and the protectionist import-substitution policies of Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party well into the twentieth century." — "Hamilton's Republic" Part III "The American School of National Economy" pp. 229–30. Free Press, Simon & Schuster, USA: 1997. ISBN 0-684-83160-0.〕〔Richardson, Heather Cox: "By 1865, the Republicans had developed a series of high tariffs and taxes that reflected the economic theories of Carey and Wayland and were designed to strengthen and benefit all parts of the American economy, raising the standard of living for everyone. As a Republican concluded... "Congress must shape its legislation as to incidentally aid all branches of industry, render the people prosperous, and enable them to pay taxes... for ordinary expenses of Government." — "The Greatest Nation of the Earth" Chapter 4, "Directing the Legislation of the Country to the Improvement of the Country: Tariff and Tax Legislation" pp. 136–37. President and Fellows of Harvard College, USA: 1997. ISBN 0-674-36213-6.〕〔Boritt, Gabor S: "Lincoln thus had the pleasure of signing into law much of the program he had worked for through the better part of his political life. And this, as Leornard P. Curry, the historian of the legislation has aptly written, amounted to a "blueprint for modern America." and "The man Lincoln selected for the sensitive position of Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, was an ex-Democrat, but of the moderate cariety on economics, one whom Joseph Dorfman could even describe as 'a good Hamiltonian, and a western progressive of the Lincoln stamp in everything from a tariff to a national bank.'" — "Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream" Chapter 14, "The Whig in the White House" pp. 196–97. Memphis State University Press, USA: 1994. ISBN 0-87870-043-9.〕 It is a capitalist economic school based on the Hamiltonian economic program.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=hmco.org )〕 The American School of capitalism was intended to allow the United States to become economically independent and nationally self-sufficient. The American School's key elements were promoted by John Q. Adams and his National Republican Party, Henry Clay and the Whig Party, and Abraham Lincoln through the early Republican Party which embraced, implemented, and maintained this economic system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=J.L.M. Curry, "Confederate States and Their Constitution", ''The Galaxy'', New York, 1874 cornell.edu )〕 During its American System period the United States grew into the largest economy in the world with the highest standard of living, surpassing the British Empire by the 1880s.〔Gill, William J. "By 1880 the United States of America had overtaken and surpassed England as industrial leader of the world." — "Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy", Chapter 6, "America becomes Number 1" pp. 39–49. Praeger Publishers, USA: 1990. ISBN 0-275-93316-4.〕 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「American School (economics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|